Mountain ecosystems refer to natural environments found at high elevations, typically above the tree line. They are characterized by unique habitats, biodiversity, and ecological processes that are shaped by extreme conditions such as low temperatures, high elevations, steep slopes, and drastic changes in weather patterns. Mountain ecosystems are home to a diverse range of plant and animal species that have adapted to the high-altitude conditions. These ecosystems provide important ecosystem services, such as water regulation, carbon sequestration, and soil stabilization. They also play a vital role in supporting local communities through their contributions to agriculture, tourism, and cultural heritage. However, mountain ecosystems are facing increasing threats from climate change, deforestation, overgrazing, and unsustainable land use practices. Conservation efforts are needed to protect these fragile habitats and ensure the resilience of mountain ecosystems in the face of global environmental challenges. Research in this area focuses on understanding the dynamics of mountain ecosystems, identifying conservation strategies, and promoting sustainable management practices to preserve their biodiversity and ecosystem services for future generations.